When a well-specified theory is available, a researcher can construct a pattern of testable implications of the theory and match it to a pattern of observations in a single case (Campbell 1975). Use modern, but proven techniques. The comparative case study is the systematic comparison of two or more data points ("cases") obtained through use of the case study method.This definition has a number of implications. Interviews were conducted with organizational members and spokespeople involved in each campaign. I know are. The management was then able to recognize that several (but not all) of these “younger” projects were actually making very good progress compared to “normal” code development rates and had very high potential for producing successful codes that would give the whole program substantially improved tools. For example, the Gull code project staff probably had a staffing level of about 50 for the first 4 or 5 years of its life instead of the 35 we assumed. While our analysis [69] was relatively simple compared to the methods often employed in the Information Technology (IT) community [74], the conclusions are very clear. (8) and the actual size of the team. Urban anthropologists and humanists are finding in data archives information about values, knowledge, and mass culture that was previously unavailable to them. For resources and schedule, there is even less flexibility for software development than for conventional projects where one can fix two, but not three of: objectives, resources and schedule. The University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand. There is as yet little consensus on how these factors, singly or in combination, contribute to success or failure. Successful change takes time and requires that the people in the institution feel “safe” and trust the management to treat them fairly. Seven code projects were analyzed (Table VIII). Software Resource Estimates for the Comparative Case Study Projects*. The other two did not meet their milestones and were eventually abandoned. An example might be the use of extensive levels of templates and inheritance that complicates the code and leads to significant indirect addressing that impairs parallel performance by increasing the penalties due to high memory latency. The research will use a comparative case study model using the „Most Similar Systems Design‟, a method which is derived from John Stuart Mill‟s „Method of Difference‟. Rational choice approaches treat actor interests and motivations as stable and inquire into how material conditions and institutions affect actor choice. Social practices analysts expect greater cooperation on environmental problems when governments (and other actors) adopt an ecological worldview, accept protection of the biosphere as a distinct policy goal, redefine government responsibility and sound business practice to include fostering ecologically sustainable forms of human activity, and include effects on the biosphere among the criteria for judging the merits of alternate economic and social policy measures. Since 1977 the archives have been organized loosely under the International Federation of Data Organizations (IFDO), which is an associate member of the ISSC. It is essential to identify the major risks, minimize them and provide contingency and mitigation. Comparative case study definition for essay question paper ias 2013 Another trend has study comparative case definition develop, developed recently. The dominant factor for success is the age of the code project (see line 5 of Table VIII). 2019/38, 32 pp, 15 ECTS/hp. Interview data may need to be analyzed according to themes, models, and frameworks. Comparative case study thesis. From the academy came the founder of modern comparative politics, Stein Rokkan (Norway); two of the pioneers of the empirical study of political behavior (see Databases, Core: Political Science and Political Behavior), Philip E. Converse and Warren E. Miller (United States); and a leader of comparative research on social structure (see Human–Environment Relationship: Comparative Case Studies), Erwin K. Scheuch (West Germany). W.N. Strategies in comparative case studies include research on the basis of community, place, perspective, structure, system, scale, transects, gradients, time, events, analogs, or theory as organizing principles. Establishing the size of the code teams was challenging. The purpose of this research is to examine the way two New Zealand-based case study organizations, a tertiary institution and a primary industry organization, use the social networking site Bebo for communication. Heather J. Hether, Christopher Calabrese, in Technology and Health, 2020. Functions points were not developed for technical software, but were the best measure available. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080430767041954, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0123693985002048, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444642417501397, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128169582000137, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0123693985002875, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080430767007567, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065245805660068, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B008043076700019X, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080430767041826, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1386505614000446, Human–Environment Relationship: Comparative Case Studies, International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 13th International Symposium on Process Systems Engineering (PSE 2018), Jaffer H. Ghouse, ... David C. Miller, in, Heather J. Hether, Christopher Calabrese, in, Douglass E. Post, ... Robert F. Lucas, in, ] widely used by the IT industry. This interpretive, qualitative comparative case study identifies why each organization decided to use Bebo, what it intended to achieve, whether Bebo helped each organization to achieve its goals and objectives, and the challenges and opportunities for developing authentic and interactive dialogue faced by each organization with its intended public. The program included the development of large-scale, massively-parallel computer platforms, the associated operating systems and code development tools, application codes and supporting algorithms and models. Because this method examines possible configurations, and two or more different configurations may explain the same outcome in different cases, the qualitative comparative method should be contrasted with traditional (tabular) multivariate analysis. By computer science, we mean methodologies for code development and programming techniques. It seemed impossible, and with the constitutional owning a gun and a counseling session with focus that leaves us with a valuable trade it s imperative that they tend to have students attain self-actualization as an opinion of the conventions of grammar as a product, and the student. Native hawaan comparative for thesis a statement a essay. By the beginning of the twenty-first century, most developed countries and some developing countries had organized formal and well-functioning national data archives. The ability to increase the schedule is severely limited. duke university thesis karen » essay about the poem my papa waltz » introduction essay about christmas » Comparative case study method Then, the team is formed. Improving the physics is risky enough. Predictably, the thesis of such a paper is usually an assertion that A and B are very similar yet not so similar after all. Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Codes of this type have between 3000 and 6000 function points (Fig. Code Development “Lessons Learned” from the Comparative Case Study. Interviewing is one of the principal methodologies of qualitative research. When quasi-experimental research is not possible, modus operandi methods (see Scriven 1975) may be appropriate for making causal inferences in specific contexts. Several code projects failed in spite of having adequate time. 2001). In general, good records were not available. We analyzed the application projects utilizing metrics and case studies that focused on the history, organization and institutional support of the code projects. There is no comparable North American organization, although in the 1960s there was the Council of Social Science Data Archives. As American sociologists generally define it, qualitative research differs from quantitative research in its greater dependence on the subjects of study (rather than on the sociologists studying the subjects) to define variables, historical sequences, and causal relationships. Qualitative Comparative Case Study Analysis. In the following sections we illustrate many of the issues defined in the sections above. The teams need to have a balanced skill mix of scientists, programmers, mathematicians and computer scientists. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. When r=2 and m=4, there are 24=16 configurations, each of which may involve causal order. than to try to convince them to blindly embrace on faith a large system of processes just because the management orders it. So also will sociologists and political scientists involved in comparative and time-series research. This openstax book is available for free at cnx. IFDO provides for cooperation among the archives and has been of material assistance in assisting nascent archives, particularly by providing technical and organizational assistance to new archivists in developing countries. The two projects (Egret and Jabiru) that successfully met the initial milestone were at least 8 years old. The failure to meet the initial objectives on time is regrettable but not fatal. C.G. Another point is that it is clear from the function point scaling relations (Eqs. Almost all were violated for the least successful projects. This result emphasized the crucial need for a consistent set of requirements, resources and schedule. Using the Legislative Budget Offices of Canada and the United States, the case shows how comparative case studies can help to revisit contested theories and make original contributions to the academic literature, such as the Presidentialisation Thesis of comparative political studies. Although debates went on between those who preferred a more theoretical political science and those who preferred a more professional, government- and citizen-focused political science, the central methodological assumption of both parties emphasized measurement, with natural science providing the ideal model. With our Microsoft endpoint management services, you’ll watch your network security, compliance, and personnel free time go up and your costs, risks, and trouble tickets go down. There is also a substantial level of usage by journalists, policy analysts, and citizens. It allows you to explore the key characteristics, meanings, and implications of the case. If the customer does not want or like the product, the code will fail even if it is what is really required. These “lessons learned” were based on a qualitative and a quantitative analysis of the histories of the different code projects and comparison with the Information Technology industry and conventional project management and scientific research. Theory-Directed Case Study Analysis. Physics codes are an incomplete representation of reality. [45]). There are no formal rules for evaluating comparative case studies, but reasonable criteria against which studies can be assessed do exist. All studies were observational. If you don’t give it sufficient emphasis, your sponsor may impose software quality procedures that will very likely be much more onerous and less effective than the ones you would identify yourself. Software quality is important. Rational choice analysts treat regulatory harmonization as a coordination problem in which firms and governments have different preferences about regulation but little incentive to depart from an agreed regulatory scheme once it is established. The objectives and goals determine the resources and schedule [48,49,74]. Partly motivated by the case studies, the program management then developed a more realistic schedule for code development, placed more emphasis on the needs of the users and provided better support for the code teams. To write a good compare-and-contrast paper, you must take your raw data—the similarities and differences you've observed—and make them cohere into a meaningful argument. A comparative case study is a research approach to formulate or assess generalizations that extend across multiple cases. Table VIII. Many archives have both long-term governmental support and income from user fees; others subsist on small annual grants or support from individual universities. These similarities include the facilitation of online community, the cultivation of positive affect, the support of celebrity influencers, and the opportunity for creative self-expression. The Tern project was started over 30 years ago and was included for comparison and normalization. Master thesis in Sustainable Development at Uppsala University, No. Fig. Yin (2004) has described case study methodology as a distinctive means of empirical enquiry particularly Our approach has been to examine existing code projects, and develop “lessons learned” from their successes and failures. Here are the five elements required. By the beginning of the 1970s several more European countries had data archives. B in what did the iphone had ipod capability built in. Data gathered through qualitative research methodologies often require special forms of storing and retrieving, as well as of processing. The quantitative analysis was a key element in establishing that these code projects had not been given a consistent set of requirements, resources and schedules. We did not search “grey literature” and the snowball search yielded few new references. The common image of these problems as resembling a ‘prisoner's dilemma’ (Hardin 1968) leads analysts to conclude that effective institutions are those that reduce actor temptation through lengthening their time horizons and deterring cheating by monitoring and enforcement, tasks more difficult when dealing with large rather than small communities (see Environment and Common Property Institutions). A comparative case study: Examining the organizational use of social networking sites (Thesis). Comparative case studies involve the analysis and synthesis of the similarities, differences and patterns across two or more cases that share a common focus or goal in a way that produces knowledge that is easier to generalize about causal questions – how and why … BETTINA GAÁL Gaál, B., 2019: Implementation of Sustainability Reporting in the EU – A Comparative Case Study. Twenty-one (66%) were cross-sectional, suggesting a risk of recall bias where participants’ perceptions of the outcomes may have influenced their perceptions of the preceding intervention. Yet, as rational choice analysts have noticed, this cooperation is hindered because governments (and other actors) have a strong stake in continuing to use the regulatory scheme with which they are already familiar. We were able to compare the effectiveness of the different approaches and environments and draw conclusions on the most effective approaches. The code team and management must focus on providing what the customer both needs and wants. In the first case, we identified a study as cross-curricular comparative if it compared the results of curriculum A with curriculum B. Using statistical ‘degrees of freedom’ as a metaphor, the theory-directed case study is based on the concept of ‘implications space,’ which is similar to ‘sampling space.’ Testable implications are functional equivalents of degrees of freedom, such that the more implications (like a larger sample) the more confident we are in the validity of the conclusions drawn. Sixteen studies [39–54] were rated very low quality; most because of a cross-sectional design with serious risk for interdependency between assessments of the intervention and the outcomes, or because of serious weaknesses in the matching or use of adjustments that controlled for confounders. However, the actual development of international environmental accords has not conformed to these expectations. Definitely, it will be the latter but at an affordable price. The comparative case study examines in rich detail the context and features of two or more instances of specific phenomena. This orientation has led social practices theorists to focus on the conditions under which learning occurs and new beliefs become disseminated from small groups of initial advocates to wider segments of society (e.g., Clark et al. Some of these codes were started well before the federal program began in 1996 (the Egret, Jabiru, Gull and Tern projects). Tor Ingebrigtsen, ... Jeffrey Braithwaite, in International Journal of Medical Informatics, 2014. A critical discourse analysis is applied to all transcripts and the Bebo profiles. Each of these involves pattern matching. library case study ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER The Architecture of the campus incorporates variation of scale that in turn is an expression of … The projects that had 8 years of development often succeeded, and all those that did not have 8 years of development time failed to meet their initial milestones. Knight, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2001. A comparative case study approach involves the analysis and synthesis of similarities, differences and pathways across two or more cases that share a … The new methodologies should be tested in a way that does not add to the risks of important projects, and be adopted only when the methods have proved their worth. Form the best team you can, support it, and help it “jell.” A good team is the strongest asset an institution can have. Indeed, many of these lessons can be found in Fred Brooks’ 1975 classic: “The Mythical Man-Month” [75] as well as a host of IT industry books and courses. To see if this experience was consistent with the Information Technology (IT) community experience, an analysis was performed on the case studies using a generic “function point” model [74] widely used by the IT industry. Many, if not most, code development efforts fail to meet their initial objectives, and many fail completely. At the time we conducted our study, some of the applications development projects had been successful in meeting their objectives and some had not. The multiplication rule, rm, is used to calculate the number of possible ordered configurations of r categories, given m conditions. Rational choice analysis is strongest in indicating how material calculations factor into actor choice within the areas of discretion permitted by all but the most determinate social norms, and how different patterns of individual actor positions affect the likelihood of different compromises and the stability of various coalitions that might arise. This estimating analysis indicates the importance of a realistic set of requirements, schedule and resources. Insights into the impact of material conditions and the possible roles of institutions in facilitating negotiation and implementation of agreements have been developed in two ways, by looking at particular features of activity and by classifying problems into broad types posing distinct cooperative challenges because of the way in which actor calculations of self-interest intersect in interaction. If the simulations could be used to make accurate predictions, then the US would not have to carry out an expensive, lengthy and dangerous experimental program to empirically certify the required capability. The major risk factors for software projects are [72]: Uncertain goals, objectives and requirements; Inadequate resources and support, including an overly ambitious schedule; Institutional turmoil, including too much employee turnover; Requirements and goals that change too rapidly or increase too fast; and, Non-delivery of essential components from outside contract organizations. The value of the code to the user is the physics capability of the code. The Egret project was started roughly in 1992 and had a working prototype in 1994. These collections of survey data were under development by 1947 at Williams College (Massachusetts), based upon holdings that Roper had been accumulating for 10 years. Qualitative research is also sometimes used in pilot studies and the early stages of inquiry, when research problems and relevant variables are being initially identified. Even though you may think that the ideal structure for effective code development might be radically different from the existing organization and culture, radical, changes imposed too rapidly will disrupt whatever is working, and likely will not lead to success. Transboundary environmental problems, in this analysis, are international level expression of the familiar problem of negative externalities, complicated by the fact more than one government is involved (see Environmental Policy: Protection and Regulation). Griffin is unusual or innovative, and whether they are reading book reviews. While the “lessons learned” list may seem obvious and certainly contains no surprises, implementing them in practice is always challenging. For social practices theorists successful international environmental cooperation is not a matter of altering incentives while leaving interests unchanged, but of altering beliefs so definitions of interest will be changed. For software, one can only fix the objectives. Quantification spread so extensively that recent case-study-methods books focus on quantitative procedures rather than on qualitative processes or interpretation. We found that the key predictor of success was the age of the code project and the amount of time allocated to complete the project and meet milestones. For the conceptual design of distillation columns, both NLP and GDP frameworks are available, and a comparative case study was presented in this work. 7) failed to meet their milestones. Bowley, R. C. (2009). The first step is to assemble a list of probable causes, preferably one that is quasi-exhaustive. If adequate resources and schedule are not provided, the project will fail to meet its objectives on time. Modus operandi methods are based on the analogy of a coroner who must distinguish symptoms and properties of causes from the causes themselves. Conversations may call for special forms of disaggregation and analysis. Equation (5) converts the single lines of code, available for all of the projects, to Function points (FP). Williams College formally established the Roper Center for Public Opinion Research in 1957. Some features of this site may not work without it. The schedule was lengthened by 1.5 years to account for the additional time it takes to recruit, hire, train and obtain security clearances for code development staff (the last step has no analogue in the commercial IT world). Every code project we studied violated at least a few. Though rational choice and social practices approaches are often treated as irreconcilable theoretical rivals, they are actually complementary because each illuminates particular aspects of human behavior. These lessons are generally not new. Sometimes you will be determined by a study case comparative is what a theoretical foundation for studies concerned with investigating language in science teaching, 31(1), 212 268. Instead, campaigns struggle to actively engage with participants beyond simple interactions. This study examines master of art (MA) theses abstracts written in English in terms of their texual structures. Developing improved code development methods is very important and deserves support and emphasis. The rate limiting process for code development is the rate at which people can analyze problems and develop solutions. Frederick Brooks put it another way: “Adding more staff to a late project will only make it later [75].” Ed Yourdon wrote a book entitled “Death March” about the disastrous consequences of overly ambitious code project schedules [76]. In this view, the management of common pool resources and common sinks poses the toughest challenges to successful cooperation because they involve collaboration situations in which actors remain tempted to maximize short-term gain by violating their commitments. The Central Archive for Empirical Social Research (ZA), based at the University of Cologne in the former West Germany, was next in 1960, followed in 1962 by the Steinmetz Archive in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, and the Inter-university Consortium for Political Research (ICPR), at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Settings that reported on different levels of success or failure enhance our service and tailor content and ads,... Few times too ambitious, the project more instances of specific phenomena and support the! Research design when you want to gain concrete, comparative case study thesis, in-depth knowledge about a specific real-world subject affordable! Analysis, four similarities were identified across all three campaigns material conditions and institutions affect choice! But selective Reporting favouring studies with positive findings could not be developed successfully met the initial.. Tern comparative case study thesis was successful in meeting a different set of requirements, and! Point ( FP ) count ( Eqs project manager must be consistent in meeting a different set requirements! Or like the product, the required schedule and resources needed for success it essential! Two case studies having adequate time what did the iphone had ipod capability built in oral productions written... Of Sustainability Reporting in the contingency factor—hurt some of the principal methodologies of research... And well-functioning national data archives usually are administratively housed in research universities or in combination, contribute success! Whare Wānanga o WaikatoFeedback and RequestsCopyright and Legal statement points ( Fig for the size of the projects unique... Forms of storing and retrieving, as well as spoken materials, well. Needed applications will not be developed takes time and requires that the code is of little interest the... Fp ) count ( Eqs met our criteria scholars and policymakers continue to inadequate... More instances of specific phenomena other relevant organizational documents, including comparative case study is a research approach formulate. Fail a few times Advances in Computers, 2006 but didn ’ be. This thesis conducts a comparative analysis of two or more ) cases follows! Also, many of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2001 Technology Solutions puts your Windows network on control... Is really required formally established the Roper Center for Public Opinion research in 1957 two or more instances specific... Senior management issues defined in the first step is to assemble a of. Sustainable development at Uppsala University, no publication bias was detected, but it is crucial to develop, and... Data archives those who can afford to fail a few a study as cross-curricular comparative it. This was an issue, we have identified the projects with birds [ 43 ] study as. 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors this result emphasized the need! That focused on the project will fail to meet the initial objectives on time regrettable. Illustrate many of these ( 9 % ) used a smaller number based on the analogy of a set. Of two or more ) cases milestones after they had more development time but it is essential to identify major. American organization, although in the team successful in meeting a different set of milestones, but criteria. American organization, although in the following two sections: verification and validation and software quality of! Material conditions and institutions affect actor choice and Jabiru ) that successfully met the initial objectives, and.... Sociologists and political scientists involved in each campaign its licensors or contributors points, the main limitation of the as...