Image source. This recognised the power of British officials and British common law in the Gold Coast and over the Fante people. In 1900, a final uprising took place when the British governor of Gold Coast (Hodgson) unilaterally attempted to depose the Ashantehene by seizing the symbol of his authority, the Golden Stool. Christianity - Christianity - 19th-century efforts: A worldwide movement of evangelical fervour and renewal, noted for its emphasis on personal conversion and missionary expansion, stirred new impulses for Christian unity in the 19th century. The reasons for African colonisation were mainly economic, political and religious. Although all the colonies did not experience the same extent of social change, these colonies share the same characteristics in terms of social change. Gradually, communities began to convert to Islam. A British army led by General Wolseley waged a successful campaign against the Ashanti that led to a brief occupation of Kumasi and a "treaty of protection" signed by the Ashantehene (leader) of Ashanti, ending the war in July 1874. However, several disputes took place regarding which European country would colonise a specific African country. Europe saw the colonization of Africa as an opportunity to acquire a surplus population, thus settler colonies were created. Most formal schooling African colonies were a result of the work of missionaries. Image source. The British and the colonisation of the Gold Coast. Africa about the middle of the 19th Century, H. G. Wells' Outline of … During these rivalries, European leaders would take advantage of the situation and persuaded some leaders to be on their side to fight against other leaders. These kings and chiefs were competing with each other to be the richest and most powerful within their tribes. The little crops that were produced were destroyed by a plague of locusts. In fact at the end of colonial rule, no colony could state that more than half of their children finished elementary school, and far fewer attended secondary school. The Spanish ruled small parts of Morocco and coastal areas along the Atlantic Ocean. During the nineteenth century barely a year went by without a European expedition into Africa. The South African interior, roughly equivalent to the Highveld on the southern continental plateau, was in the 19th century a stage of numerous players and groups, acting in concert and in conflict with one another, as often dissolving as taking on board new members. These groups were sent in Africa to investigate the needed knowledge about Africans, their history and culture, mostly knowledge about raw materials, visibility, potential areas and the nature of African population British traders had operated off what was to become known as the “Gold Coast” with little direct intervention by British authorities. In 1895, a serious drought reached many regions in Africa which was caused by a sudden decline in rainfall. Long-held practices had to be adapted, and at times were completed abandoned, to fit the new colonial circumstances. For … .Christianity would therefore provide the moral principles that would guide Africans, while education and commerce would encourage Africans to produce their own goods to trade with Europeans. Secondly, and partly due to the first consequence, the dislocation of families also occurred. The change in the Gold Coast's status from "protectorate" to "crown colony" meant that relations with the inhabitants of the region were handled by the Colonial Office, rather than the Foreign Office. What ultimately resulted was a hodgepodge of geometric boundaries that divided Africa into fifty irregular countries. The British sent 1,400 troops from other parts of Africa, and the Asante’s nine-month struggle for independence failed. Missionaries did not serve as direct agents of European imperialism, yet they drew European governments deeper into Africa. Since this came after more than three centuries of relatively cooperative trading activity between Europeans and Africans, it represents a significant departure in world history. Thirdly, urbanization emerged as colonization was imposed. The conference lasted until February 26, 1885 – a three month period where colonial powers haggled over geometric boundaries in the interior of the continent, disregarding the cultural and linguistic boundaries already established by the Native Indigenous African population. The people were disarmed, and only licensed hunters could carry guns. Natural disasters also played a big role in the rapid and easy colonisation of Africa. European countries fought over African countries mainly for their natural resources. Thus Africans were at a military disadvantage. The city of Elmina, located in the Gold Coast West Africa, in the late 19th century. Beginning with early history and ending with current events, the book covers religion and slavery in the 19th century, continuity and change in women’s work and family life, the impact of colonialism and women’s resistance, and politics after independence. Of the four powers in North Africa at the beginning of the 19th century, only Tunis and Morocco survived as independent states into the second half of the century to encounter the heavy pressures that Europe then brought to bear on the region for free trade and legal reform, measures originally leveled against the Ottoman Empire and Egypt. Missionaries believed that the ability of African peoples to read the Bible in their own language was important to the conversion process. These countries became involved in a race to acquire more territory on the African continent, but this race was open to all European countries. With the beginning of colonisation in Africa, morality became an increasing issue. Due tothe lack of revenue within the colonies, little attention was given to promoting social change or development. In December 1895, Sir Francis Scott left Cape Coast with an expedition force. A supreme court was established in 1853, and led to British common law becoming enforced. The discovery of diamonds in 1867 near the Vaal River, some 550 miles northeast of Cape Town, ended... CECIL RHODES. The countries represented at the time included Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Sweden-Norway (unified from 1814-1905), Turkey, and the United States of America. Introduction. During the late 19th century and the early 20th century, European countries began their scramble for Africa which caused African to suffer from violence like wars, slavery and unfairness, but there was also a positive, peaceful and diplomatic consequences and events in Africa like fair trade system, new technology and the security given to Africans under European rule. Social and cultural beliefs and practices were challenged by these migrations. Lastly, Livingstone believed that civilisation could be achieved through goodgovernment andeducation. At the beginning of the 19th century, Africa was still a continent almost unknown to Europeans. In 1884 at the request of Portugal, German Chancellor Otto von Bismark called together the major western powers of the world to negotiate questions and end confusion over the control of Africa. Asante was forcibly incorporated into the British Gold Coast colony in 1902, along with further territory to its immediate north which had not belonged to the kingdom itself. Missionaries felt that education and schools were essential to their mission. Thirdly, seeing as most colonial governments were not rich, they did not fund the governing of their colonies fully. Prior to the European voyages of exploration in the fifteenth century, African rulers and merchants had established trade links with the Mediterranean world, western Asia, and the Indian Ocean region. Governor Hodgson reached Cape Coast on July 10. Africa’s colonisation was also as a result of European rivalries, where Britain and France had beenin a dispute since the Hundred Year’s War. He formed an unfavourable opinion of the Asante, and began the long process of attempting to bring them under British control. These interactions were to have a profound effect on African coastal settlements and African institutions came under considerable European influence very early on. This category has the following 83 subcategories, out of 83 total. These movements resulted in dislocation of peoples that impacted society and culture. ARAB SLAVE TRADE Historical documents containing statistics are not always very reliable. During colonialism, urbanization occurred fairly rapidly in many African colonies. They built railroads and roads, but only to their own benefit in order for products to be shipped off to Europe. Their primary concern was the conversion of people to Christianity. Hardly any crops were produced, and the food shortage which followed caused the death of many people and animals. Prior to colonialism, the extended family structure (family that extends beyond the immediate family) was the norm in most African societies, but by the end of colonial era, the nuclear family (family consisting of a pair of adults/ parents and their children) was becoming the norm in many African countries. Asantehene Agyeman Prempeh was deposed and arrested. For most of the 19th century these pressures had been predominantly British, but in the 1870s French companies began to offer effective competition to the British traders not only in Upper Guinea, where they had always been strong, but also on the Ivory Coast, in the ports immediately to the west of Lagos, and even in the lower river and delta of the Niger. In 1850, a Governor was appointed to Gold Coast who was not also Governor of Sierra Leone, and this is how the colony of Gold Coast was born. Missionaries were among the earliest explorers of central and southern Africa. When the British defeated the Ashanti people, they collected all the gold treasures of the area. Another reason for European interest in Africa is the industrialization when major social problems grew in Europe: unemployment, poverty, homelessness, social displacement from rural areas, etc. It ended with a standoff after the British beat an Ashanti army near the coast in 1826. Trade would be well instantiated; the work of the Suez Canal Company at the north-eastern tip of Africa had been completed in 1869. Missionaries began to focus on the large working class with the goal of bringing spiritual salvation to the workers and their families. Stories were told and handed down generations in verbal form. The British held large sections of West Africa, the Nile Valley, and much of East and southern Africa. Africa. On September 26, 1901 the British created the Crown Colony of Gold Coast. The colonisation of Africa through Europe brought about many forms of government that are still visible today. Before colonisation, however, there were many forms of government in Africa, ranging from powerful empires to decentralised groups of pastoralists and hunters. After the Frnech... DIAMONDS AND GOLD. A large number of the African population thus died out, or became too weak to fight back. The later addition of British Togoland creates borders for the colony that are essentially those that exist for modern Ghana. The British annexed the Asante confederacy as a Crown Colony and did not allow chiefs to rule in Kumasi until Prempeh became Kumasihene in 1926. At the same time, West African trade slowly expanded towards Egypt and possibly India. They did not receive any political rights in the Gold Coast and power was taken away from legitimate Ashanti leaders. These changes often challenged existing values, beliefs, and social practices. The initial task of the conference was to agree that the Congo River and Niger River mouths and basins would be considered neutral and open to trade. European motives included the desire to control valuable … The coast of West Africa before the arrival of Europeans, The city of Elmina, located in the Gold Coast West Africa, in the late 19th century. West Africans developed an extensive self-contained trading system, based on skilled manufacture. From the 8th century Muslim traders, from North Africa and Arab countries, began to reach the region. Colonial political systems were un-democratic; Law and Order, as well as Peace, was a primary objective of colonial governments; Colonial governments lacked capacity and Colonial governments practiced "divide and rule." First, Europe experienced a Christian revival in the 19th century. West Africans developed an extensive self-contained trading system, based on skilled manufacture. European troops entering Kumane during the second Anglo- Ashanti War. Firstly, colonial governments did not allow popular participation, and all political decisions were made by the small political elite with no or little input from the African population. The 10 percent of Africa that was under formal European control in 1870 increased to almost 90 percent by 1914, with only Ethiopia (Abyssinia) and Liberiaremaining independent. But inland the story was different -- Muslim traders from north of the Sahara and on the East Coast still traded inland, and many local chiefs were reluctant to give up the use of slaves. Africa before European colonialism Image source, The use of iron tools marks a significant turning point in African civilization. While Islam was widespread in Africa prior to the coming of colonialism, it also benefited from colonialism. A British Resident was permanently placed in the city, and soon after a British fort. “A brief history of European Colonisation in Africa”. When the Ashanti kingdom showed ambitions to expand its control southwards in negotiating treaties with African authorities and protecting trading interests, the British invaded Ashanti in 1874 and burnt its capital. For this to work a functioning and legitimate governing system was needed to ensure the civil rights of the people. Since the 15th century there have been some incursions into Africa, especially by the Portuguese, but always in the coastal areas. The British then spent money on things that will improve their ability to remove wealth and natural resources from the Gold Coast. South Africa History In the 19th Century IMPACT OF BRITISH RULE. Africa seemed to be out of harm’s way and had an abundance of raw materials from which Europe could make money from. People were forced off their land onto farms or factories which ultimately made the British richer. While Zanzibar was heavily influenced by Islamic and Persian contact in this period, it remained into the 19th century one of the main export sites for slaves. Another unique characteristic of pre- European Africa was the favouring of oral tradition within these societies. A number of pre-colonial African societies had towns and small cities. Grade 8 - Term 3: The Scramble for Africa: late 19th century. The boom in exploration was triggered to a great extent by the creation of the African Association by wealthy Englishmen in 1788, and as they travelled, they started to record details of markets, goods, and resources for the wealthy philanthropists who financed their trips. This war was covered by a number of news correspondents (including H. M. Stanley) and the "victory" excited the imagination of the European public. Due to their large successes, missionaries began to look beyond Europe. African armies did not manage to get hold of European weapons because it was not sold to them. In the late 19th century, the Scramble for Africa saw the continent rapidly divided between imperialistic European powers, and an early but secondary focus of all colonial regimes was the suppression of slavery and the slave trade. This led to even more deaths of animals and people, and due to their physical and mental weakness, they were unable to fight against European powers. Robert Baden-Powell led the British in this campaign. This poses a threat to the survival of these stories because certain aspects could be forgotten or told in a different way. The colonisation of Africa was part of a global European process reaching all the continents of the world. This gun could fire eleven bullets per second, and outdid the weapons that the African forces had. 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