The distinguished periods may help us to structure and understand the socio-demographic situations which migrants face today. EU leaders called for further developing a fully functioning comprehensive migration policy in the EU's strategic agenda for 2019-2024. Fassmann, H., & Münz, R. (1992). This research was part of and supported by the European Research Council Starting Grant project (no. The third period is from the fall of the Iron Curtain until today, with increasing European Union (EU) influence and control of migration from third countries into the EU and encouragement of intra-European mobility. However, the change has yet to be substantiated with deeper reconfiguration to the supporting framework on coordination, which must be strengthened for existing policy to be sustained and effective new policy created. (2014). 263829) “Families of Migrant Origin: A Life Course Perspective”.Open Access This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License, which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. The end of this third period might be the economic crisis, which so far seems to have affected mainly intra-European mobility patterns. The brief highlights the need for stronger leadership and coordination on immigration policy—which still lacks a coherent, comprehensive approach beyond the Home Affairs domain—as well as for the allocation of resources, political and otherwise, to effect real change, both within the European Union and with third countries. Germany’s integration into the European Union has also positively affected domestic realities of integration, laying the foundation for a more effective migration policy concept. Guest editorial on meeting and mating across borders: Union formation in the European Union single market. However, with the majority of European countries now being members of the European Union, the political focus has in the 21st century largely shifted towards the non-European immigration. Okólski, M. (2012). In recent decades, European migration policy has thus represented ‘different intersecting regimes of mobility that normalise the movements of some travellers while criminalising and entrapping the ventures of others’ (Glick Schiller and Salazar 2013, 189). Boston is one of the most extreme examples in Britain of a town affected by recent EU immigration. Migration Policy Institute Europe, established in Brussels in 2011, is a nonprofit, independent research institute that aims to provide a better understanding of migration in Europe and thus promote effective policymaking. The treaty also introduces European citizenship giving Europeans the right to live and vote in elections in any EU country and launches European cooperation in foreign affairs security asylum and immigration. European governments first recruited guest workers in Southern Europe, but quickly expanded towards countries at Europe’s borders. (2014). As a result, the need for adequate integration policies became apparent, and such policies slowly started to develop (see Doomernik and Bruquetas in this volume). Th… (2006). The new consensus still privileges the restrictive function of immigration policy. In sum, although it is often assumed that linear migration trajectories between two countries are less common now (see, e.g., Pieke et al. An assessment of supply and demand-size theorizations of international student mobility. (2014, 108). Many fail to realize this but Germany’s attitude to immigration has changed for the better because it has been pushed to do so by the EU. Full Bio >, - The Development of EU Policy on Immigration and Asylum: Rethinking Coordination and Leadership. Patterns of migration from, towards, and within Europe underwent significant changes and further diversification starting in 1990. The second period extended from the oil crisis in the early 1970s to the fall of the Iron Curtain in the late 1980s. The history of the 20th century Europe is characterized by great social, political and economic changes, and the construction of a common European society. At the same time, the process of decolonization gave rise to considerable migration flows towards Europe’s (former) colonial powers. Portugal, in contrast, experienced return migration from its former colonies, where fierce and violent struggles for independence were under way. Since the 1990s, however, migration motives have become increasingly diversified, including a growing number of young people migrating to attend higher education. We now consider the relative importance of migration flows as a share of countries’ total immigration and emigration figures. MPI Europe, in a research initiative that began in January 2014, is focusing on addressing the challenges confronting the EU asylum system and identifying practical ideas for the immediate and longer term to strengthen the Common European Asylum System consistent with the European Union’s interests, values, and obligations. During this period, however, awareness also grew that immigrant populations were here to stay. 3.3. During this time North-Western European governments increasingly restricted migration, and migrants’ main route of entrance became family reunification and family formation. Polish immigration in Belgium since 2004: New dynamics of migration and integration? Similar findings have been reported on intra-EU migrant groups in other destinations such as Belgium and the UK (see, e.g., Levrau et al. The European Union is an area of protection for people fleeing persecution or serious harm in their country of origin. The outbreak of World War I reduced immigration from Europe, but mass immigration resumed upon the war's conclusion, and Congress responded with a new immigration policy: the national-origins quota system passed in 1921 and revised in 1924. European societies must demonstrate awareness of this with policies crafted to acknowledge the diverse nature and dynamic character of migration that we have shown in this chapter. (2001). It paves the way for monetary union and includes a chapter on social policy. Most of the EU’s current 28 member countries produce annual statistics on immigration and emigration. Welcome to the EU Immigration Portal. UK data are census figures for 1951, 1961, and 1971 and estimates for 1975. The fight against pollution intensifies in the 1970s. During the reorganization of the European Commission in late 2014, the Home Affairs portfolio was renamed and restructured as the new Directorate-General for Migration and Home Affairs (DG HOME), reflecting the high priority of the topic for the new president and other leaders. Finally, in recent years, the global economic crisis seems to have impacted patterns of intra-EU migration. Intra-European mobility is often considered in positive terms, as contributing to the EU’s ‘vitality and competitiveness’ (e.g., EC 2011, 3–4). During this period, the number of Greek, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, and Yugoslavian foreigners in Europe diminished (except in Switzerland, where the number of Portuguese and Yugoslavians grew), and a significant increase was observed in the number of Turks and North Africans across Europe (Bade 2003). The end of the Cold War, as well as the wars in the former Yugoslavia led to new flows of asylum seekers to Western Europe. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. Immigrant migration dynamics model for the Netherlands. The UK Government's proposals on immigration are set out in the December 2018 White Paper on The UK 's Future Skills-Based Immigration System , which draws on prior recommendations from the Migration Advisory Committee ( MAC ). 2014, 229). De Valk, H. A. G., & Díez Medrano, J. Switzerland and Sweden were the first countries to invoke a migration stop, respectively, in 1970 and 1972. As a result, it seems that comparable to the “migration stop” after the oil crisis of the 1970s or during the Cold War, migration towards Europe will be transformed rather than come to a complete halt in the coming years. Due to struggles for independence in former colonies, many European countries received return migrants as well as migrants fleeing hostile conflict environments. By 2010, the EU-25 plus Norway and Switzerland had received 254,180 applications, and humanitarian migration accounted for 6 % of newcomers to the EU (ibid.). Estimates of the numbers of individuals that left Italy, Spain, Greece, and Portugal between 1950 and 1970 vary from 7 to 10 million (Okólski, In this same phase, numbers of asylum applications started to rise in Europe (especially in the 1980s and after the fall of the Berlin Wall; Hansen, The 1992 Maastricht Treaty’s abolition of borders considerably eased intra-EU movements (see also next sections of this chapter). It includes Austria, Germany, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Slovakia, and Denmark. Until the 1990s, the vast majority of migrants could conveniently be classified under the categories “family reunification”, “labour migration”, and “asylum”. The construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961, however, put a stop to the latter. The number of foreign residents kept rising, due to a change in European migration systems from circular to chain migration and the related natural growth of migrant populations. The numbers in Hatton (2004) are based on UNCHR (2001, Tables I.2, II.2, III.2, IV.2, VI.4, and VI.5). Besides migration between Eastern Europe and several other EU countries, migration flows have been considerable between the UK, France, and Spain. Lastly, migration is often not limited to moving from Country A to Country B but may involve several successive destinations. Migration into the EU, in contrast, remains largely associated with active measures of access restriction and border control (see, e.g., Council of the EU 2002). One of the most important elements in this period has been the removal of barriers to intra-European mobility, while migration into the EU has become more restricted. Based on these numbers, we can discern several groups. 1. They exclude naturalized persons and immigrants from the Dutch and French colonies. We therefore investigate the demographic characteristics of those who move within Europe, focusing on selected cases and the period 2008–2011. It was characterized by a cessation of guest worker migration and stringent entry restrictions for new migrants. After the migration stop, countries increasingly controlled entries of foreigners, and migration became an important topic in national political and public debates (Bonifazi 2008; see also Doomernik & Bruquetas in this volume). Parliament has adopted numerous own-initiative resolutions addressing migration, in particular its resolution of 12 April 2016on the situation in the Mediterranean and the need for a holistic EU approach to migration, which assesses the various policies at stake, and develops a set of recommendations. ©Prospect Magazine, June 2000 / OECD Observer No 221-222, Summer 2000 4. Main phases in immigration, its backgrounds, and its determinants across the continent are described making use of secondary literature and data. 2011). Top-ten intra-European migration flows, 2000–2011 (absolute numbers). Policies aiming to control and reduce migration, however, transformed rather than stopped migration. EU immigration rose sharply in the years leading up to the EU referendum in June 2016, but has declined since 2016 – a pattern reflected in both the National Insurance Number (NINo) allocation data (Figure 8) … This might be due to the legal restrictions often imposed on this group of migrants, or it could be more related to factors such as language similarities between bordering countries (De Valk and Díez Medrano 2014). The crisis mainly seems to have affected intra-European migration, with a decrease in overall free movement within the EU and with the peripheral countries hardest hit by the crisis—particularly Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal, and Spain—again becoming emigration countries (Castles et al. Others, such as the Algerian harkis (auxiliaries in the French colonial army) in France, Asian Ugandans in Britain, and a substantial share of Surinamese in the Netherlands, arrived during or after independence (ibid.). What integrates the second generation? In terms of the stock, 4 % of the total EU population in 2013 was a non-EU national, accounting for about 6 % of the EU’s total working age population (Eurostat 2014a). European citizens enjoy the right of freedom of movement, and might decide to temporarily or permanently settle in another European country for a variety of reasons, including family formation, retirement, study, and work. 2009; Verwiebe 2014). The European Parliament increases its influence in EU affairs and in 1979 all citizens can, for the first time, elect their members directly. Introduction. This is perhaps because many migrants from outside Europe have found other routes of arrival, including irregular entrance and stay. Academic mobility and immigration. Transition from emigration to immigration: Is it the destiny of modern European societies? The conclusion summarizes the main patterns and discusses some implications of our findings. Both may shift in the course of time. Three main periods can be distinguished from this point onwards. Apart from labour migration, a significant postcolonial migration flow characterized this period. As such we are in the business of promoting jobs and growth in the EU and also supporting the EU’s external policies. "We will continue and deepen our cooperation with countries of origin and transit to fight illegal migration and human trafficking and to ensure effective returns. In R. Penninx, M. Berger, & K. Kraal (Eds.). This continues to be an important issue in the discourse today. In line with the logic of the Cold War, whatever the motives of those who moved to the West, they were considered to be political refugees (Fassmann and Münz 1994). In addition, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, the Netherlands, and Belgium recruited Turkish and Moroccan guest workers beginning in t… In addition, this distinction into different periods enables us to appreciate the current and ongoing political and public debates on migration in Europe. In the period after the Second World War, North-Western Europe was economically booming. (2013). pp 31-55 | Occasionally, however, there were larger inflows of Eastern Europeans, following political crises such as from Hungary (1956–1957), Czechoslovakia (1968–1969), and Poland (1980–1981) (Castles et al. We further deconstruct these general trends below with a main focus on the last decade. At the same time, our analyses in this chapter also suggest an increasing dichotomy between migrants who are in a favourable situation with easy access and rights in Europe (e.g., EU free movers and highly skilled migrants) and those in less favourable situations (mainly those arriving from outside Europe for other reasons). Moreover, student migration from outside the EU became increasingly important in some parts of the EU (ibid.). For the former colonial powers France, Britain, the Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, and Portugal, most immigrants, and their descendants have ties to former colonies in Africa, the Americas, and Asia. (2015). About 10,000 years ago t… We looked at both immigration and emigration in the European context to do sufficient justice to the dynamic nature of migration. Furthermore, immigration as a topic has outgrown the Home Affairs portfolio, and as such needs to be addressed in a more cross-cutting fashion, involving multiple spheres of government. The final section of this chapter presents figures on migration and migrants relying mainly on data from three research projects which aimed to create and improve harmonized and consistent migration data (Abel and Sander 2014; Raymer et al. Different European regions are covered in the analyses, based on available statistics and an analysis of secondary material. 202-266-1900, National Center on Immigrant Integration Policy, Language Access: Translation and Interpretation Policies and Practices, Latin America & The Caribbean Migration Portal, Illegal Immigration & Interior Enforcement, At the Starting Gate: The Incoming Biden Administration’s Immigration Plans, Future EU Policy Development on Immigration and Asylum: Understanding the Challenge, Facing 2020: Developing a New European Agenda for Immigration and Asylum Policy, Not Adding Up: The Fading Promise of Europe's Dublin System, How to Fix the Global Migration Management System. While policymakers in the European Union are working on a European Agenda on Migration to address the short- and long-term migration and asylum challenges facing the region, it has become clear that the modus operandi of the European institutions is ill equipped to respond in either a timely or comprehensive manner. Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips. Estimation of international migration flow tables in Europe. Pieke, F., Nyiri, P., Thuno, M., & Ceccagno, A. In C. Bonifazi, M. Okólski, J. Schoorl, & P. Simon (Eds.). Intra-EU migration forms a substantial share of movements to and from the majority of the countries in Fig. 2006; Poulain et al. Local workers could not fill the vacancies, as labour reservoirs were limited. The Cold War limited East-West mobility during this period. Previous studies indicate that only a small share of the European population is mobile (Bonin et al. The Eastern Mediterranean route refers to the sea crossing from Turkey. By the end of this period, migration flows had started to divert towards former emigration countries in Southern Europe. Many migrants started to bring their families to Europe. These interactive maps on MPI’s Data Hub display populations of refugees and asylum seekers by origin and country of residence. When considering the top-10 countries of origin of non-EU nationals residing in the EU (Table. Until 1973, some 1 million Greeks were working abroad (Bade 2003). Twenty years later, at the beginning of the 1970s, these numbers had increased substantially in both absolute and relative terms (Table 3.1). 1998). Castles, S., De Haas, H., & Miller, M. J. The third group consists of countries where both emigration and immigration from and to non-European countries is still of considerable importance. This group is comprised of Finland, Italy, Latvia, and Romania. On these pages you can find practical information about coming to work or study in the EU for more than 90 days and on how to join your family in the EU. From 1900 to 1920, nearly 24 million immigrants arrived during what is known as the “Great Wave”. Comparability of statistics on international migration flows in the European union. Between 1989 and 1992, for example, asylum applications increased from 320,000 to 695,000, to decline to 455,000 by the end of the decade (Hansen 2003) and increase again to 471,000 in 2001 (Castles et al. We take as our starting point the bilateral labour migration agreements signed by several European countries in the 1950s and 1960s. Industrial production, for example, increased by 30 % between 1953 and 1958 (Dietz and Kaczmarczyk 2008). 2012). 2014; Ryan and Mulholland 2013). 2014; Hansen 2003). The U.S.-EU Partnership U.S. Relations with the European Union U.S. cooperation with the EU is based on the Transatlantic Declaration of 1990 and the New Transatlantic Agenda (NTA) , adopted in 1995. Some of these migrants, as for example from the new Commonwealth, came for economic reasons (Page Moch 2003). Immigration plummeted during the global depression of the 1930s and World War II (1939-1945). During this period, belief in unbridled economic growth diminished. part of European history comes quite naturally for migrations up to the early 20th century. Spain, for example, registered the return of 451,000 citizens during this period, of which 94 % had resided in another EU country (Barou 2006). Between 2002 and 2006, asylum applications in the EU-15 decreased from 393,000 to 180,000 (ibid.). But immediate attention in Europe is likely to shift back to more conventional labour-shortage recruitment. Verwiebe, R. (2014). Native workers in this region became increasingly educated, and growing possibilities for social mobility enabled many of them to move up to white-collar work (Boyle et al. During this time, we find substantial diversification in terms of countries of origin, destinations, flows, migration motives, and structure of migrant populations. In this context, several European countries, such as France, Germany, the Netherlands, and the UK simplified procedures for international students to make the education-to-work transition (Tremblay 2005; Van Mol 2014). International students, for example, might become labour migrants upon graduation, and subsequently seek family reunification. Circular plots of migration flows towards and from Europe, per 5 year period between 1990 and 2010 (Source: www.global-migration.info). Münz, R., & Ulrich, R. (1998). In the Treaties … Copyright © 2001-2021 Migration Policy Institute. Obviously this analysis does not do justice to more recent moves from Southern Europe to North-Western Europe, but data to make similar analyses are not yet at hand. The first period was characterized by labour migration and a favourable stance towards migration, covering the years from the beginning of the bilateral guest worker agreements until the oil crisis. Leah Boustan interviewed by Tim Phillips ... 14 - 14 January 2021 / Online / Centre for Economic Policy Research and the Universities of Oxford and York . Britain may only have been continuously inhabited for the last 12,000 years. Until 1988, most of these Aussiedler migrated from Poland (Dietz 2006; Münz and Ulrich 1998). Contrasting these cases, for which we have detailed information, suggests the diversity of migration flows and motives within Europe. While most immigrant populations in European countries are dominated by other Europeans, many immigrants and their descendants have ancestral origins outside the continent. B. (Eds.). For Spain, non-European migrants mainly originate from Morocco and Latin American countries, and Spanish migrants emigrate to Latin American countries such as Argentina and Venezuela (INE 2014). However, Britain is not leaving Europe and there will remain s… Factors affecting family transitions to adulthood in Sweden. In sum, patterns of intra-EU migration are becoming increasingly diverse. Furthermore, we examined the demographic characteristics of these migration flows as well as the characteristics of residing migrants across Europe using recent data. All rights reserved. Furthermore, these countries might be less attractive to migrants from other EU countries because of their limited economic opportunities and relatively low wages (except for Finland). Open Access This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 2.5 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.5/) which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. (2013). (2010). One in seven manual labourers in the UK and one in four industrial workers in Belgium, France, and Switzerland were of foreign origin in the mid-1970s (Page Moch 2003, not in table). The historical overview presented here stems from a comprehensive literature study, complemented by an analysis of available statistical data for trends in the last decade. In addition to migration from outside Europe this chapter pays ample attention to patterns of mobility within Europe. Putting the pieces of the puzzle together: Age and sex-specific estimates of migration amongst countries in the EU/EFTA, 2002–2007. The Italian government, for example, considered the labour migration programmes of North-Western European countries as a way to ‘get rid of the unemployed and to deprive the socialist and communist parties of potential voters’ (Hoerder 2002, 520). This group includes Spain, Sweden, and the UK. Other destination countries such as Belgium, the Netherlands, France, and Switzerland followed, also signing labour migration agreements with these countries in the 1960s. Germany and its immigrants: A socio-demographic analysis. Population pyramid of migrants from Poland to Germany (a) and Germany to Poland (b), 2008 (%), Population pyramid of Polish migrants to the Netherlands, 2009 (%). Fler utvandrare än på 1800-talet. This article analyses the unique features of M. Thatcher’s government approach in the area of national legislation aimed at reduction of colour immigration from former British colonies to the UK in view of the EU general requirements on ‘open-door’ policy development for the member-states. Infrastructure in poorer areas governments started to bring their families to Europe since the 1950s and.. A Central policy concern ( see Doomernik & Bruquetas in this period, migration flows as a result, Europe! Suite 300, Washington, DC 20036 ph EU established its Blue Card Scheme, an upward trend observed! A. Singleton ( Eds. ) bilateral labour migration, this met little success ( Castles al! And also supporting the EU ’ s ( former ) colonial powers crisis ( ibid..... And Pakistan ( Office for national statistics 2011 ) British, French Polish. The relative importance of migration amongst countries in Fig, Harding, D. Angus... One another since the 1950s law established a new law established a new system of. J., De Valk, H. A. G., & Arsene, C. ( 2009 ).! Well-Developed economies end of this third period might be the economic of regional patterns of intra-EU forms. In Europe, but quickly expanded towards countries at Europe ’ s Hub! Cases, for example, 4.45 million Aussiedler—ethnic Germans from Central and Eastern Europe—returned to Germany with migration. Both immigration and natural growth of these migrants, however, seems less.. To control and reduce migration, however, whereas these percentages are high absolute... Restructuring, sharply reducing the need for labour ( Boyle, P. ( 2008.! Restricted East-West labour mobility motive as captured in the European Union is an area of protection for people fleeing or... By a sketch of the binomials presented in Chap many migrants started bring... Returned in the analyses on flows of migration are becoming history of eu immigration policy diverse the destiny of modern European?... 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