The strike was declared lost in 1908 after many more deaths, including several in scab-operated streetcar accidents – 1907, Philadelphia’s longest transit strike ends after 44 days. Through synthesis we discover relationships between previously unrelated experiences, ideas, concepts, and knowledge. At what point, if ever, should we confront them about the issue of fairness? Experience and Learning The major justification for assembling this handbook is simple. Reporting relationships and structures, business processes, and specific work tasks are all subject to change. Most people will not persist with a change unless they find that it is successful. Let’s look at a few examples. This technique is also particularly powerful for the purpose of deconstructing a role play into its most basic elements. Challenge provides both the motivation and the opportunity to develop skills. Knowledge acquisition is a fairly well-known process, and I’m afraid we over-apply such solutions, rather than focusing on the things that will make a real difference. It is characterized by all of the internal things that we do in our minds when we are conscious of our stories and the stories around us. I’d like to leave you with a story benediction I wrote: May stories stir your heart, inform your thoughts, and guide your actions Y CHAPTER THIRTEEN REFLECTIVE PRACTICE Learning from Real-World Experience Brian Remer Brian Remer is a designer of interactive strategies for training, facilitation, and performance improvement. The union later became part of the United Food and Commercial Workers – 1959, U.S. Supreme Court rules in favor of Samuel Gompers and other union leaders for supporting a boycott at the Buck Stove and Range Co. in St. Louis, where workers were striking for a 9-hour day. Good assessment can point out gaps between one’s current behavior and skills and desired behavior states or skill levels, and as such, it can point to key areas for learning and change (Browning & Van Velsor, 1999). Their slogan: “We are the 99%.” – 2011, The Teamsters for a Democratic Union (TDU) is formally founded at an Ohio convention, during a period of serious corruption in the union. Also determine secondary stakeholders and the extent to which a role exists for them in the simulation. “Make your partner look good” means concentrating on your partner rather than on yourself, and taking responsibility for both of you. In the case of a branching scenario, not engine-driven, creating such for both near and far transfer is feasible. Their expectations have been sharpened and shaped. There are many ways to increase EI skills, yet all of them have to include direct experiential practice or people will just be learning about EI instead of growing their skills. This banner text can have markup.. web; books; video; audio; software; images; Toggle navigation They’re too shtiff” – 1900, Luddites smash 63 “labor saving” textile machines near Nottingham, England – 1811, Transport Workers Union members at American Airlines win 11-day national strike, gaining what the union says was the first severance pay clause in industry – 1950, The Lawrence, Mass., “Bread and Roses” textile strike ends when the American Woolen Co. agrees to most of the strikers’ demands; other textile companies quickly followed suit – 1912, Lane Kirkland, president of the AFL-CIO from 1979 to 1995, born in Camden, S.C. – 1922, Steelworkers approve a settlement with Oregon Steel Mills, Inc. and its CF&I Steel subsidiary, ending the longest labor dispute in the USWA’s history and resulting in more than $100 million in back pay for workers – 2004, The term “rat,” referring to a worker who betrays fellow workers, first appears in print in the New York Daily Sentinel. Then participants can form pairs, A and B, with A’s presenting the situation and B’s asking the GURU questions. Schemata: The building blocks of cognition. Bronson, J., et al. Full text of "Tercentenary of the founding of Boston : an account of the celebration marking the three hundredth anniversary of the settlement of the site of the city … Unfortunately, my retelling is pale in comparison to Len’s original account. Pay careful attention to the necessary training skills and to the best practices recommended 368 The Handbook of Experiential Learning when working with emotional intelligence. Problem Solving Action learning begins and builds around solving problems—the more complex and the more urgent, the better-suited is action learning. Assumptions like these can frustrate or burn out talented people and kill teams. Is the goal to help them decide what changes they want to make? Contact Information Active Training 303 Sayre Drive Princeton, NJ 08540 (609) 987–8157 [email protected] www.activetraining.com 272 Experiential Learning in Interpersonal Skill Development 273 N O MATTER WHAT SOMEONE’S FUNCTION IS, everyone in today’s workplace is in the people business! Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Some 5,000 strikers fought 1,000 police, scabs and national guardsmen. Weekends were filled with fishing trips, barbecue with our wives and families, and general fraternizing with my new cohorts. The line is broken; eight are injured and hospitalized. At the end of the three months, the group presented to the executive council its recommendations as well as its individual, team, and organizational learnings. We set the exercise in a model of a Japanese railroad station and hired Japanesespeaking housewives to staff shops and ticket windows. As the great romantic poet Rainer Maria Rilke wrote in a letter to a young man, “Learn to love the questions.” Answering a question with a story encourages people to sit and mull them over in new ways. • Tell stories during a working lunch. Construction of the hotel began in March 1887, "on a sandspit populated by jack rabbits and coyotes". When you tell a story to a group, think in terms of how it will help you set the stage and model the ground rules you wish to follow for a learning event. If the quality of the experience is to have maximum impact for learning, then it must be matched by debriefing methods that are capable of dealing with the depth, essence, and richness of the original experience. These methods demonstrate how physical, creative, and intuitive movement can facilitate the process of learning from experience. They must consider such factors as the intended learning outcomes, audience characteristics, the Learning Games 137 issue of transferring the learning, learning environment, cost, and effectiveness of the exercise under given circumstances. An example of this format was applied to customer service training in the activity “Hot Topics” (Ukens, 1998). Engage our minds in active listening Listen actively in order to: Understand context and perspective Identify the root cause of a problem Uncover resistance and hidden agendas 5. Race (above) underlines the importance of learners wanting to learn, but this sixth “requirement” goes further by recognizing that the quality of the experience during the debriefing also has a significant impact on learners’ motivations. Unquestionably, experiencing this skill helps us know that life is worth living. Remember, the actual activity is merely the vehicle for learning. Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press. These are some of the “experiential” factors that the facilitator needs to keep in touch with during the debriefing process. I am going to look at the bigger picture and how team performance fits into that picture, because it is only with this context that we have a chance to break the vicious cycle of team building described above. The participant must work on a plan of action that spells out the specific steps for implementing change. You (or participants) can pre-select which moments to replay by requesting “Selected Dynamic Debriefing 75 Highlights” or you can just ask for the whole activity to be replayed. Performing tasks simultaneously. The learning outcome of a game often depends on how well the facilitator is able to lead the debriefing discussion. Are the members clearly oriented to the principles of action learning? You have been away for several days, so you have come into your office at 8:00 A.M. (early) to catch up and get ready for the day. Participants generally enjoy these activities because they offer a freeflowing learning environment that can draw in the vast majority of people. The strike involved some 400,000 workers in New England, the mid-Atlantic states and the South – 1934, Some 400,000 coal miners strike for higher wages in Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Illinois and Ohio – 1935, The AFL expels the Int’l Longshoremen’s Association for racketeering; six years later the AFL-CIO accepted them back into the house of labor – 1953, OSHA reaches its largest ever settlement agreement, $21 million, with BP Products North America following an explosion at BP’s Texas City, Texas, plant earlier in the year that killed 15 and injured 170 – 2005, Eleven Domino’s employees in Pensacola, Fla., form the nation’s first union of pizza delivery drivers – 2006, San Francisco hotel workers end a 2-year contract fight, ratify a new 5-year pact with their employers – 2006, The Workingman’s Advocate of Chicago publishes the first installment of, A coalition of Knights of Labor and trade unionists in Chicago launch the United Labor party, calling for an 8-hour day, government ownership of telegraph and telephone companies, and monetary and land reform. Debriefing the participants. Was your imagination stimulated? Player salaries and pay caps are the primary issue. Well, it may be ‘fun,’ but this is the real world. Headquartered in Somerville, Massachusetts, YouthBuild USA is a national nonprofit organization that helps unemployed and undereducated young people ages sixteen to twenty-four work toward their GEDs or high school diplomas while learning job skills by building affordable housing for homeless and low-income people. How will you remember and apply these lessons in real life? We also sometimes include a module on managing complex challenges following the simulation and debriefings. A simple fact such as “We have recently opened a new customer service outlet in Spokane with unsuccessful results” becomes more powerful and expressive when reshaped into a brief (but complete) story such as “As assistant manager of our new service outlet in Spokane, I was recently surprised by the level of public animosity that accompanied our grand opening. Her credibility was extremely high to the entry-level personnel with whom she was working. With financial support from a local businessman who hated the Press Gazette, the union ran the paper for four years before their angel died and it was sold to another publisher. Each story told exposes more points of connections between people. Which of these are the best determiners of quality? They may never see the light of day. The Elements of a Junkyard Sport The sport. However, avoid telling stories for selfaggrandizement. Revise questions came in handy when I invented a clever way to remember what I had just learned, and, finally, use questions helped me make a plan to ensure sufficient practice of the new concepts. The Navy asked us to design a simulation to help newly arrived American sailors learn to live in Japan. • Progressive difficulty—Ease participants into the exercise by staging the various challenges in the role play. One is never sure an idea or plan will be effective until it has been implemented. Unlike most development programs, which tend to favor one approach or another to learning, action learning bridges these schools and builds from their best ideas and practices. Surely, there are other reasons we become stuck, but the point is this: When repeatedly hitting our heads against the screen door is not working, why do we believe that doing more of the same thing will make us free? Ironically, the conversation often consists of admonitions directed at others, as in “YOU should be more accountable.” Thinking always of making your partner look good is a way to separate true accountability from thinly disguised blame. Civilization itself is a set of agreed-on limits we place on our uncensored actions. some people don’t like to take pills.” “Yes, but . Perhaps you want to have natural work groups work together, or perhaps you want to randomly split up the teams. The supervisor of a customer service counter can use any interaction with customers as a learning opportunity for new employees. She was 83 years old at the time – 1913, Fifteen thousand rubber workers strike in Akron, Ohio, protesting speed-up – 1913, The Seattle General Strike ends after six days. This is truly all about them, and people love that. Thinking up-front about how you might continue to use or adapt something as you build it will be time well spent. As I thought about it, I realized that, since I was holding onto the left side of the bike, I was better able to tell when she was falling and could lend the support she needed. The evaluation methods you use, I recommend, should include alternations between expert review and user testing. That’s the good news. I became incredibly involved. Some 9,000 workers walked off the job, halting service on 5,000 miles of track. Their error created a somber mood. .” With the adjustment, the dialogue progresses in this fashion: “Let’s have the party on a cruise ship.” “Yes, and . Involve the learners in the discussion early—they are the first ones to answer the questions: “What improvements can be made next time?” and “What really went well this time?” This allows them to self-identify their own needs for improvement, and the rest of the discussion can focus on helping the learners achieve that improvement. Sometimes trainees already are in a different cultural setting; in this case, training can assist them in making sense of their surroundings and their roles there. A bit further back?” Allow your partner to move to the place he or she chooses. Junkyard Sports 123 • If you were going to play this game again, what would you do differently? An estimated 200,000 workers are out – 1945, Staten Island and Brooklyn are linked by the new Verrazano Narrows Bridge, the longest suspension bridge in the world at the time and still the longest in the U.S. Joseph Farrell, an apprentice Ironworker on the project, told radio station WNYC: “The way the wind blows over this water it would blow you right off the iron. The best time to provide feedback is immediately after the skill being practiced is performed, and most role plays do that very well. Much the same process can be used later in the program with pairs returning to their ropes and standing at a point that represents their current progress toward (or beyond) their goals. The definitions I found took circular approaches, such as prepare employees for technical jobs or ensure effective transfer of technology. Mike has trained more than 95,000 managers in nearly one hundred countries since beginning his international experience in Spain in 1969. Acknowledge correct observations. If beliefs such as those just cited are freely aired, it is now possible to examine them and perhaps find non-threatening ways to challenge the assumptions behind them. • Novel information/events: there are unexpected occurrences in the world. Participants select cards that show a two-number combination that corresponds to the attributes, which will be the basis for discussion. Some academics within ecological psychology use the term “radically situated” when referring to this aspect of mental behavior (e.g., Barker, 1968). Use your judgment. Participants take these with them for the evening and are given the assignment to read over the materials, but are asked not 318 The Handbook of Experiential Learning to meet with others in their groups prior to the start of the simulation the next morning. You might also up the challenge by requiring participants to perform a skill after a period of time has intervened and the skill might be forgotten. We deliver proven ideas and solutions from experts in HR development and HR management, and we offer effective and customizable tools to improve workplace performance. Use: What’s the best way to talk about our most important concerns without revealing our bottom line? Balancing the number of questions and the number of statements leads to dialogue. L’imagination . Therefore, the facilitator should feel confident with the information, both in terms of the content and the process of the activity, so that he or she can guide the discussion with appropriate questions and respond appropriately if the discussion yields outcomes that are not necessarily anticipated. The average enrollee gained 11 pounds in his first three months – 1933, Wisconsin state troopers fail to get scabs across the picket line to break a 76-day Allis-Chalmers strike in Milwaukee led by UAW Local 248. Yes, but not too tall for the classic cross-cultural simulation Bafa Bafa (Shirts, 1974). What about this exercise reminded you of your own life/work situation? “Ripples on a Pond” (Race, 2003) emphasizes the driving force that is missing from other learning models. We must be willing to surrender a certain amount of our positional power to be effective. (so that everyone can contribute to improving the experience and quality of the debriefing session) Begin at the Very Beginning? A Problem (Project, Challenge, Opportunity, Issue, or Task) Action learning centers around a problem, project, challenge, issue, or task of high importance to an individual, team, and/or organization. One of the day’s traditional rules: Don’t get your shirt any dirtier than the boss gets his. This difference can have a significant impact on the way you design a given learning event. My scenario proposed that a trivial misunderstanding between a white and black student has escalated into a riot. With his partner, Ian Schubach, they provide high mountain climbing and African safari adventures. That changes their behavior—sometimes permanently—and they may become less productive or need to “work twice as hard” to be fully included. Improv exercises can be wonderful “jolts”—introducing individuals to new ways of thinking as well as wonderful workout routines for exercising the muscles of creativity and teamwork. Fieldbooks can certainly be read from cover to cover. . Most observers blamed team owners for the strike: they were trying to recover from a court decision favoring the players on free agency – 1981, Congress creates a Bureau of Labor, under the Interior Department. The National Labor Relations Board termed the formula “a battle plan for industrial war” – 1936, The AFL-CIO begins what is to become an unsuccessful campaign for a 35-hour workweek, with the goal of reducing unemployment. Some were actually experiencing the problem, while others needed to understand why it was a problem. What’s more, the vision of the future of the company, once the CRM strategy was fully implemented, was known only to a select group of executives and project management leaders. We identified and congratulated the winning team in each category. Production Simulations involve the design and development of a product (such as a piece of metalwork or a report from a database). Some experiences mirror real life very closely, others hardly at all (at least on the surface). When participants come from different organizations, individual participants can share case situations for the advice and counsel of peers. The feedback should be specific to the learners and what occurred within the role play, rather than general to the scenario or the learners’ roles in their workplace. You should expect problems to surface and be prepared to reinvent the whole simulation if necessary. Alpha Test Your Simulation in Low-Risk Circumstances Both alpha and beta testing are critical to the development of even simple simulations, but confusing them can be disastrous. I pose questions such as: • • • • How did it feel? How do you minimize “time-tofirst-decision” to gain immediate engagement? For another, they can be useful for revealing algorithmic procedures for representing stories in digital environments. Learning and teaching: Reflection and reflective practice. Now, the learners really do draw from their own experiences. Based on these observations, do what you can to change these dynamics or, in the very least, share your observations with others. The tale of the tramp (Charlie Chaplin) and his paramour (Paulette Goddard) mixed slapstick comedy and social satire, as the couple struggled to overcome the difficulties of the machine age including unemployment and nerve-wracking factory work, and get along in modern times – 1937, President Bill Clinton signs the Family and Medical Leave Act. Often the best idea comes second, third . Simulators are mechanical, electrical, or electronic devices that present test conditions that closely resemble actual field conditions. The accommodation may mean that someone participates in a slightly different way, 304 The Handbook of Experiential Learning but he or she can participate without it being awkward, uncomfortable, or embarrassing. Participants review a list of “to-do” items for the day (or the week or the month), along with related information. The primary concern of such simulations is for participants to experience some of the dynamic social processes that are part of the fabric of organized social groups. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. I knew little about group process and leadership skills. In general, thirty seconds of role play can yield up to fifteen minutes of group processing. The wellknown axiom of how the “urgent drowns out the important” (also called the “tyranny of the urgent”) underscores the necessity of assuring that the important will not be forgotten or neglected. Real experience, of course, brings the biggest direct transfer of learning to similar experiences. The ALA’s agenda included support of the civil rights movement and opposition to the war in Vietnam. Another issue that might be considered is the amount of competition that should be included in the experiential game. (1990). Trainers should be especially careful in debriefing role plays that evoke strong reactions, either by design or through the activity’s natural flow. Teams are then asked to come up with a new way to play a chosen sport (whatever sport you choose), using as much of the junk as they need, as well as play-worthy properties of the environment they’re playing in and the people they’re playing with. Cognitive and behavioral flexibility are also on the list. – 2015, President Wilson establishes the War Labor Board, composed of representatives from business and labor, to arbitrate disputes between workers and employers during World War I – 1918, The Works Progress Administration (WPA) is approved by Congress. . This chapter is intended to raise your sights higher than debriefing “appropriately”: it aims to help you debrief effectively, inspirationally, and dynamically. I’ve decided to. It is an exciting alternative whenever the material to be learned can be segmented or “chunked” and when no one segment must be taught before the others. Make the time to have conversation. It requires employers to offer reasonable accommodations to qualified employees with disabilities and bans discrimination against such workers – 1992   July 27 William Sylvis, founder of the National Labor Union, died – 1869   July 28 Women shoemakers in Lynn, Mass., create Daughters of St. Crispin, demand pay equal to that of men – 1869   Harry Bridges is born in Australia. 3. After the meeting breaks up, the participants have small group debriefings with their observers before I facilitate a large group discussion. Many of the dead lie entombed in the sealed mine to this day – 1904, The Supreme Court upholds “Yellow Dog” employment contracts, which forbid membership in labor unions. This debriefing session typically takes half of the day following the simulation. In technical training, the spaces in the boards may represent milestones in a technical project. “Bafa Bafa” has since been used extensively by thousands of schools, corporations, and government agencies. • The activity must be suited to the size of the group and the time available. But once a model gets too big and cumbersome, it loses its value as a practical model, even though it may have the virtue of being more complete. When the learners compared the video against their notes and the prepared script, their errors became obvious to them. They may be in a classroom or hotel conference room, but regardless of where they are, they are the traditional team-building events done indoors. All packages comprise a guide for the facilitator/trainer and a workbook for the participants. It refers either to interrogations for obtaining information or to exit interviews for keeping information secret. Because the trainer or facilitator thought only about the training or facilitation (the event itself) and didn’t start at the beginning. Here are six options: 1. se lassera plutôt de concevoir que la nature de fournir. Just as any dieter will have a hard time resisting a midnight snack, so a participant subjected to the pressures of his or her job may slip back into old ways of doing things. THEORY A presentation of an idea from a conjectural perspective. Five years later it changes its name to the American Federation of Labor – 1881, A county judge in Punxsutawney, Pa., grants an injunction requested by the Clearfield Bituminous Coal Co. forbidding strikers from speaking to strikebreakers, posting signs declaring a strike is in progress, or even singing hymns. Each team will have free access to a workstation with the switching software. What Is Experiential Learning? Most of the victims were Irish immigrants. Scenario planning remains a very popular tool within the military and continues to gain support in the corporate boardroom. • If you’re going to ask a few people to do a special task, ask them in advance so they are prepared to cooperate well. A diet of nothing but wacky gags just does not satisfy after a while. How do I feel about what I am observing? Prior to the simulation, participants spend time discussing their learning goals and areas for feedback and describing their “back home” organizational context. The simulation culminates in an all-hands meeting. For new knowledge, often we can suffice with a job aid that brings that knowledge to the point of need. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin. You can control the response and your plan, but you cannot control the market. Junkyard Sports 117 The Tournament. (To read the entire list, see Paige, 1993, pp. This exercise does not involve walking into an imagined future; 76 The Handbook of Experiential Learning it is about recognizing helpful factors in the past and present that are real and available. Two strike leaders are lynched – 1887, Malbone tunnel disaster in New York City; inexperienced scab motorman crashes five-car train during strike, 97 killed, 255 injured – 1918, Some 400,000 soft coal miners strike for higher wages and shorter hours – 1919, United Stone & Allied Products Workers of America merge with United Steelworkers of America – 1972, The UAW begins what was to become a successful 172-day strike against International Harvester. References Beard, C., & Wilson, J. Ask the participants to watch you perform the skill. Moreover, status issues abound. If the group Action Learning 105 could ask good questions and learn from one another, the problem could be solved. However, I want to differentiate between a model and the case in which you put a simulation in a particular initial state and ask the learner to achieve a final state. The various roles in which people may want to help others learn from experience include parenting, coaching, mentoring, supervising, managing, instructing, counseling, teaching, *In the military, “debriefing” refers to the control of information. Yet, in this hectic and chaotic world, everything else can seem more urgent than seeking out feedback or taking the time to reflect on one’s experience. Our guides have been chosen for a variety of reasons. The Wobbly motto: “An injury to one is an injury to all.” – 1905   Congress passes the National Labor Relations Act, creating the structure for collective bargaining in the United States – 1935 (The Labor Law Source Book: Texts of 20 Federal Labor Laws: A very handy collection that puts the full texts of all the major U.S. labor laws into one book. The process was reasonably complex, beginning with the learner asking specific questions of the person being transferred and choosing correct responses to the person’s answers. Also in the 1960s, the field of education began to take a serious look at the relationship between international students and their American counterparts. Chapter 5 examines the use of action learning, a popular method in which participants work together to resolve their own real problems in real time with the aid of a coach. • How can future action learning programs in the company be improved? Thus the groups often meet on their own time and rotate the coaching role among themselves. These measures is described as technology advances and more easily remembered, than a group! M. J. Bennett ( Eds even notice that we provide our rationale for using GURU and nurturing atmosphere... Behaviors to change business as usual ’ experiences and the people you supervise and are. 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